What is string theory?

The direction of theoretical physics that studies the dynamics of the connections are not point particles and the one-dimensional comprehensive objects, the so-called quantum strings. String theory combines the ideas of quantum mechanics and relativity theory, therefore, based on it, may be to build a future theory of quantum gravity.

String theory is based on the hypothesis that all elementary particles and their fundamental interactions are the result of vibrations and interactions ultramicroscopic quantum strings on the scales of the order of the Planck length 10 -35 m. This approach, on the one hand, to avoid such difficulties, quantum field theory, a renormalization, on the other hand, leads to a deeper view of the structure of matter and space-time.

A quantum string theory emerged in the early 1970 's as a result of understanding the formulas Gabriele Veneziano, related to string models of the structure of hadrons. The mid -1980s and mid -1990s were marked by the rapid development of string theory, it was expected that on the basis of string theory in the near future will be formulated so-called " unified theory " or the " theory of everything ", the search for which string models of the structure of hadrons. The mid -1980s and mid -1990s were marked by the rapid development of string theory, it was expected that on the basis of string theory in the near future will be formulated so-called" unified theory" or the" theory of everything", the search for which Einstein unsuccessfully spent decades. 

But, despite the mathematical rigor and integrity theory, until option experimental confirmation of string theory is not found. Arisen to describe Hadron physics, but not quite came up to this, the theory was in some kind of vacuum experimental description of all interactions.

One of the main problems when trying to describe the reduction procedure string theories of dimension 26 or 10 in the low-energy physics of dimension 4 is a large number of variants of the compactification of extra dimensions on Calabi - Yau and orbifolds, which probably are private extreme cases spaces Calabi - Yau. A large number of possible solutions have created a problem known as "the end of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s, the problem of the landscape “, in connection with which some scholars doubt whether string theory deserves the status of research.

Despite these difficulties, the development of string theory has stimulated the development of mathematical formalism, mainly - algebraic and differential geometry, topology, and also allowed a deeper understanding of the structure of her previous theories of quantum gravity.